Tafsir Ibn Kathir
Volumes 1-10
Completed around 759 AH (1358 CE)
Embedded Files
0. Introduction to Tafsir Ibn Kathir
Tafsir Ibn Kathir (full title: Tafsir al-Qur’an al-’Azim) is one of the most widely respected and influential works of Quranic exegesis (interpretation) in Islamic history. Written by the 14th-century scholar Imad ad-Din Abu al-Fida Ismail ibn Kathir, it is revered for its reliance on traditional, authenticated sources.
Key Characteristics
Key Characteristics
Tafsir bil-Ma’thur: It is classified as tafsir bil-ma’thur, meaning it interprets the Quran primarily through traditional sources—specifically the Quran itself, the Hadith (sayings and actions of the Prophet Muhammad), and the views of the Companions and early generations (Salaf).
Emphasis on Hadith: Ibn Kathir was a prominent hadith scholar. His commentary is famous for its rigorous approach to citing and authenticating the hadiths used to explain verses, often discussing the reliability of narrators.
Methodology: The work is highly regarded for interpreting the Quran with the Quran (using one verse to clarify another) and providing historical context, jurisprudential rulings, and scholarly consensus.
Authenticity: It is widely praised for being almost entirely devoid of Isra'iliyyat (narrations originating from non-Islamic traditions that scholars often warn against in biblical or historical commentary).
About the Author
About the Author
Ibn Kathir (1301–1373) was a Syrian historian, jurist, and scholar of the Shafi’i school of thought. He was a student of the renowned scholar Ibn Taymiyyah.
000 - Tafsr Ibn Kathir - Introduction.pdf1. Surah Al-Fatihah (The Opening) is the 1st chapter of the Quran, containing 7 verses. Despite its brief length, it functions as the structural, theological, and spiritual gateway to the rest of the Islamic scripture. Known as Umm al-Kitab (The Mother of the Book), it encapsulates the entirety of the Quranic message within its seven short verses.
2. Surah Al-Baqarah (The Cow) is the 2nd chapter of the Quran. Comprising 286 verses, it is the longest Surah in the text, spanning nearly one-twelfth of the entire Quran. It functions as a comprehensive foundational blueprint for the social, legal, economic, and spiritual infrastructure of the first sovereign Islamic state established in Medina.
3. Surah Ali-Imran (The Family of Imran) is the third chapter of the Quran, containing 200 verses. Positioned immediately after Surah Al-Baqarah, it serves as a cornerstone of Madani legislation, theological discourse, and historical commentary on the early Muslim state. Together with Al-Baqarah, the Prophet Muhammad referred to them as Al-Zahrawan (The Two Radiant Ones) due to the immense light and guidance they provide.
4. Surah An-Nisa (The Women) is the 4th chapter of the Quran, containing 176 verses. It stands as one of the most legally and socially dense chapters in Islamic scripture, focusing extensively on human rights, family law, equity for marginalized groups, and the structural stabilization of the nascent Muslim state in Medina.
5. Surah Al-Ma'idah (The Table Spread) is the 5th chapter of the Quran, consisting of 120 verses. Belonging entirely to the late Madani period, it stands as one of the final major chapters revealed to the Prophet Muhammad. It functions structurally as a legal climax to the Quran, cementing final dietary, civil, contractual, and ritual laws for a completely sovereign Muslim civilization.
Proceed to Tafsir Ibn Kathir - Surah Al-Ma'idah
6. Surah Al-An'am (The Cattle) is the 6th chapter of the Quran, containing 165 verses. Standing in sharp contrast to the previous three chapters (Ali-Imran, An-Nisa, and Al-Ma'idah), Al-An'am marks a shift back to pure, unadulterated Makkan theology. It is universally recognized as a foundational text for Islamic creed (Aqidah), systematic theology, and the metaphysical worldview of Islam.
7. Surah Al-A'raf (The Heights) is the 7th chapter of the Quran, containing 206 verses. It is one of the most comprehensive Makkan chapters, functioning as an expansive historical sweep. It details the cosmic struggle between good and evil, the rise and fall of civilizations, and the continuous thread of prophetic history sent to guide humanity.
8. Surah Al-Anfal (The Spoils of War) is the 8th chapter of the Quran, containing 75 verses. It marks a dramatic shift in the structural development of the early Muslim community. Revealed immediately following the Battle of Badr (2 AH / 624 CE), it serves as a comprehensive divine critique of the first major military encounter in Islamic history, laying down the foundational framework for Islamic international relations, wartime ethics, and state finances.
9. Surah At-Tawbah (The Repentance) also historically known as Al-Bara'ah (The Ultimatum / Disavowal), is the 9th chapter of the Quran, comprising 129 verses. It holds a highly distinct status in Islamic scripture as a late Madani revelation that finalized the political, administrative, and strategic landscape of the Arabian Peninsula.
10. Surah Yunus (Jonah) is the 10th chapter of the Quran, containing 109 verses. Marking the beginning of the sequential group of chapters named after prominent prophets (Yunus, Hud, Yusuf, Ibrahim), this Surah shifts the Quranic discourse back into late Makkan systematic theology. It uses cosmic observation, historical warnings, and the unique legacy of the people of Jonah to defend the authenticity of divine revelation.
11. Surah Hud is the 11th chapter of the Quran, containing 123 verses. Positioned within the late Makkan period, it stands as one of the most emotionally intense and stylistically formidable chapters of the Quran. Named after the ancient Arabian Prophet Hud, the Surah serves as a stern warning against societal corruption, political tyranny, and the spiritual complacency that precedes the collapse of civilizations.
12. Surah Yusuf (Joseph) is the 12th chapter of the Quran, consisting of 111 verses. It holds a completely unique structural position in Islamic scripture: while other prophets have their stories interspersed in fragments across various chapters, Surah Yusuf dedicates almost its entire narrative length to a single, unbroken chronological biography. The Quran itself labels this narrative framework as Ahsan al-Qasas (The Best of Stories).
13. Surah Ar-Rad (The Thunder) is the 13th chapter of the Quran, containing 43 verses. It takes its name from Verse 13, which describes the thunder glorifying Allah. The chapter serves as a powerful discourse on divine truth, cosmic order, and human psychology under trial.
14. Surah Ibrahim (Abraham) is the 14th chapter of the Quran, consisting of 52 verses. Named after the Prophet Ibrahim due to his memorable prayers recorded in the latter half of the chapter (Verses 35–41), the Surah provides a comprehensive discourse on the nature of divine revelation, the unchanging essence of monotheism across human history, and the absolute certainty of divine justice.
15. Surah Al-Hijr (The Rocky Tract / The Stone Land) is the 15th chapter of the Quran, containing 99 verses. It derives its name from Verse 80, which mentions the “Companions of Al-Hijr”—the ancient civilization of Thamud who carved their homes directly into the mountains. This chapter serves as a stark warning to the deniers of truth and a profound psychological source of comfort for the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ during his hardest trials.
16. Surah An-Nahl (The Bee) is the 16th chapter of the Quran, consisting of 128 verses. Named after the magnificent, divinely inspired engineering of the bee (mentioned in Verses 68–69), this Surah is also widely known among classical scholars as Surat an-Ni'am (The Surah of Blessings) because it systematically catalogs the material, psychological, and spiritual favors bestowed upon humanity.
17. Surah Al-Isra (The Night Journey), also known as Surah Bani Isra'il (The Children of Israel), is the 17th chapter of the Quran, containing 111 verses. It is highly regarded as a pivotal chapter that bridges the prophetic lineages of Makkah and Jerusalem, establishing a grand manifesto for the soon-to-be-founded Islamic society.
18. Surah Al-Kahf (The Cave) is the 18th chapter of the Quran, containing 110 verses. Highly celebrated for its spiritual virtues—including the Prophetic recommendation to recite it every Friday for protection against trials—this Surah serves as an intellectual and spiritual anchor. Structurally, it is built around four major narratives that address the primary trials (fitnah) a human being faces across time.
19. Surah Maryam (Mary) is the 19th chapter of the Qur'an, containing 98 verses (ayat). Positioned in Juz 16, it is widely considered one of the most beautiful, emotionally resonant, and rhythmically distinct chapters in Islamic scripture. Named after Maryam (Mary), the mother of Prophet Isa (Jesus), it stands as the only Surah in the Qur'an named after a woman.
20. Surah Taha (the 20th chapter of the Quran) is widely regarded as one of the most spiritually comforting and historically pivotal chapters revealed during the Meccan period. Consisting of 135 verses, it is named after the Huruf al-Muqatta'at (disjoined Arabic letters) "Ṭā-Hā" with which it begins.
21. Surah Al-Anbiya (the 21st chapter of the Quran) translates literally to "The Prophets." Consisting of 112 verses, it serves as a grand, sweeping defense of the concept of Prophethood (Risalah) by weaving together the structural timelines, trials, and triumphs of over sixteen separate messengers of God.
22. Surah Al-Hajj (the 22nd chapter of the Quran) translates to "The Pilgrimage." Comprising 78 verses, it stands as one of the most structurally and contextually unique chapters in the entire Quran due to its transitional placement across the two primary eras of revelation.
23. Surah Al-Mu'minun (the 23rd chapter of the Quran) translates directly to "The Believers." Consisting of 118 verses, this chapter serves as a profound psychological manifesto, explicitly contrasting the internal moral blueprint of a successful believer with the deteriorating spiritual state of the Meccan aristocracy.
24. Surah An-Nur (the 24th chapter of the Quran) translates directly to "The Light." Containing 64 verses, this chapter is heavily legislative, focusing on social engineering, communal ethics, privacy, and public morality. It is named after one of the most sublime and profound passages in the Quran—the Verse of Light (Ayat an-Nur, verse 35)—which contrasts a healthy, transparent society with the spiritual darkness of hypocrisy.
25. Surah Al-Furqan (the 25th chapter of the Quran) translates directly to "The Criterion" or "The Distinguisher." Consisting of 77 verses, this chapter serves as an intense, decisive defense of the divine origin of the Quran and the validity of Prophet Muhammad's mission, explicitly delineating truth from falsehood.
26. Surah Ash-Shu'ara (the 26th chapter of the Quran) translates literally to "The Poets." Containing 227 verses, it holds the distinction of being the second longest chapter of the Quran by verse count, surpassed only by Surah Al-Baqarah. It is a highly rhythmic, aurally striking surah that systematically addresses the psychological warfare waged by the Meccan elite against the divine nature of the Islamic message.
27. Surah An-Naml (the 27th chapter of the Quran) translates literally to "The Ants." Comprising 93 verses, it is a Meccan chapter renowned for its vivid narrative prose and its focus on the manifestation of divine kingship, spiritual perception, and the ultimate triumph of monotheism over powerful pagan empires.
28. Surah Al-Qasas (the 28th chapter of the Quran) translates directly to "The Stories" or "The Narratives." Comprising 88 verses, it stands as the final chapter in the Tawasin trilogy (Surahs 26, 27, and 28). It is heavily celebrated for providing the most sequential, comprehensive, and chronologically detailed biography of the Prophet Moses (Musa) found anywhere in the Quran.
29. Surah Al-Ankabut (the 29th chapter of the Quran) translates literally to "The Spider." Consisting of 69 verses, it stands as an intense, psychologically profound manifesto on the inevitability of tribulation. It is universally regarded by scholars as the ultimate text on maintaining spiritual resilience when faith collides with societal and parental persecution.
30. Surah Ar-Rum (The Romans) is the 30th chapter of the Qur'an, comprising 60 verses. It is universally classified as a Makkan Surah, meaning it was revealed during the period before the Prophet Muhammad’s migration (Hijrah) to Madinah.The background of this Surah is heavily intertwined with major geopolitical conflicts of the 7th century, providing one of the most famous historical contexts and prophecies in Islamic tradition.
31. Surah Luqman (the 31st chapter of the Quran) consists of 34 verses. It is a Meccan surah that is highly revered for its profound wisdom, educational framework, and its focus on establishing the intellectual foundations of monotheism. Unlike many surrounding chapters that focus on ancient prophets confronting tyrants, Surah Luqman is unique because its narrative center is an ordinary, wise sage who is passing down timeless spiritual and behavioral advice to his son.
32. Surah As-Sajdah (the 32nd chapter of the Quran) translates directly to "The Prostration." Consisting of 30 verses, it is a highly focused, spiritually intense chapter from the Meccan era. It is named after verse 15, which describes the sincere believers who immediately fall into physical prostration upon hearing the verses of God—a moment observed by Muslims around the world as a mandatory ritual prostration (Sajdah al-Tilawah) during its recitation.
33. Surah Al-Ahzab (the 33rd chapter of the Quran) translates directly to "The Confederates" or "The Coalitions." Consisting of 73 verses, this Madinan surah is one of the most historically dense and socio-politically consequential chapters in Islamic scripture. It serves as a comprehensive constitutional and legal manual revealed during an existential military crisis that permanently altered the landscape of Arabia.
34. Surah Saba (the 34th chapter of the Quran) translates to "Sheba." Consisting of 54 verses, this Meccan surah serves as a profound theological meditation on the nature of human gratitude, the passing of material wealth, and the inevitability of divine accountability. It is named after the ancient, highly prosperous Sabean kingdom of southern Arabia (Yemen), whose catastrophic economic collapse is used as a historic warning to the wealthy elite of Makkah.
35. Surah Fatir (the 35th chapter of the Quran) translates directly to "The Originator" or "The Creator from Nothing." Consisting of 45 verses, it is also frequently referred to in classical texts as Surah al-Mala'ikah ("The Angels") due to its vivid opening description of celestial messengers. It is a Meccan chapter that delivers a stark, emotionally intense monologue on human fragility and the absolute self-sufficiency of God.
36. Surah Yasin (سورة يس) is the 36th chapter of the Quran, consisting of 83 verses. Known famously in Islamic tradition as the "Heart of the Quran," it holds a deeply revered place in the hearts of Muslims worldwide. It is frequently recited for comfort, during times of hardship, and on behalf of the deceased.
37. Surah As-Saffat (سورة الصافات) is the 37th chapter of the Quran, containing 182 verses. Its name translates to "Those Ranged in Ranks," referring to the majestic array of angels standing in disciplined rows, ready to execute Allah's commands. This chapter is known for its soaring rhythmic style, cosmic imagery, and deeply emotional accounts of the ancient prophets.
38. Surah Sad (سورة ص) is the 38th chapter of the Quran, containing 88 verses. Named after the single Arabic letter Sād with which it begins, it belongs to a group of Surahs that open with mysterious isolated letters (Huruf al-Muqatta'at). This Surah is a masterclass in psychology, dealing directly with human pride, the nature of arrogance, and the ultimate victory of patience over tyranny.
39. Surah Az-Zumar (The Groups) is the 39th chapter of the Qur'an. Containing 75 verses, it is a deeply moving and powerful Surah that shifts between firm, logical refutations of polytheism and profoundly tender reassurances of divine mercy. The historical context, name origin, and major themes of Surah Az-Zumar reveal the precise environment in which it was revealed.
40. Surah Ghafir (The Forgiver) is the 40th chapter of the Qur'an. Comprising 85 verses, it holds a monumental place in the structure of the text as it opens a massive, contiguous block of seven chapters known collectively as the Hawamim (surahs beginning with the mysterious letters Ha-Meem). This Surah weaves a captivating narrative about a secret believer in the court of Pharaoh, using his story as a direct mirror to the tense political atmosphere of Makkah at the time.
41. Surah Fussilat (Explained in Detail) is the 41st chapter of the Qur'an. Comprising 54 verses, it is the second of the seven consecutive Hawamim chapters (surahs beginning with the letters Ha-Meem). This Surah is famous in Islamic history for a dramatic, documented encounter between the Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ) and one of the chief elite pagan negotiators of Makkah, making its historical context remarkably vivid.
42. Surah Ash-Shuraa (The Consultation) is the 42nd chapter of the Qur'an, containing 53 verses. It is the third chapter within the Hawamim series—the seven consecutive surahs that begin with the mysterious isolated letters Ha-Meem. Ash-Shuraa functions as a profound thesis on the nature of divine revelation, the unity of religion throughout human history, and the social framework of the Muslim community.
43. Surah Az-Zukhruf (سورة الزخرف), translated as "The Ornaments of Gold," is the 43rd chapter of the Qur'an. Comprising 89 verses, it belongs to the distinct "Ha-Mim" (حاميم) or Hawamim series (Surahs 40 to 46), which are highly revered in Islamic tradition for their poetic eloquence, spiritual depth, and defense of monotheism.
44. Surah Ad-Dukhan (سورة الدخان), translated as "The Smoke," is the 44th chapter of the Qur'an. It consists of 59 verses and stands as the fifth chapter within the consecutive "Ha-Mim" (حاميم) or Hawamim series (Surahs 40 to 46). Revealed during a time of intense tribulation, the Surah serves as a strict divine ultimatum against arrogance, treating revelation as "play," and ignoring structural signs from God.
45. Surah Al-Jathiyah (سورة الجاثية), translated as "The Kneeling" or "Crouching," is the 45th chapter of the Qur'an. Comprising 37 verses, it is the sixth of the seven consecutive "Ha-Mim" (حاميم) or Hawamim Surahs (Surahs 40 to 46). While its sister chapters (like Az-Zukhruf and Ad-Dukhan) issue intense warnings and historical ultimatums, Surah Al-Jathiyah shifts to a calm, highly philosophical, and evidence-based tone. It operates much like a divine courtroom case, presenting the natural universe as absolute evidence against human arrogance and subjective materialism.
46. Surah Al-Ahqaf (The Sand Dunes) is the 46th chapter of the Qur'an, consisting of 35 verses. It is the final Surah in the Hwammim series—a consecutive group of seven chapters (Surahs 40 through 46) that all begin with the disjointed letters Ha-Mim. The Surah serves as a profound combination of a warning to those who reject the truth and deep emotional consolation for the Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ).
47. Surah Muhammad is the 47th chapter of the Qur'an, containing 38 verses. It immediately follows Surah Al-Ahqaf, marking a sharp transition in the text from the late Meccan period to the early Medinan period. It is one of the few chapters explicitly named after the Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ), with its mention occurring in verse 2. While Surah Al-Ahqaf focused on patience in the face of intense persecution, Surah Muhammad marks the historical turning point where the Muslim community was granted the right to physically defend itself.
48. Surah Al-Fath (The Victory) is the 48th chapter of the Qur'an, composed of 29 verses. It is a Medinan Surah that marks one of the most critical diplomatic milestones in Islamic history. While the previous chapter (Surah Muhammad) prepared the Muslims for armed conflict, Surah Al-Fath celebrates a masterpiece of peace and strategic patience: The Treaty of Hudaybiyyah.
49. Surah Al-Hujurat (The Private Quarters) is the 49th chapter of the Qur'an, containing 18 verses. It is a Medinan Surah that functions as the foundational ethical manifesto of Islamic society. While preceding chapters focused on external geopolitics—such as armed conflict (Surah Muhammad) and international diplomacy (Surah Al-Fath)—Surah Al-Hujurat turns entirely inward. It addresses the internal social framework, etiquette, and moral boundaries required to sustain a healthy, unified civilization. Because of this, it is universally referred to by scholars as Surat al-Akhlaq (The Chapter of Morals and Etiquette).
50. Surah Qaf is the 50th chapter of the Qur'an, containing 45 verses. It marks the structural beginning of the Al-Mufassal section—the final portion of the Qur'an composed of relatively shorter, highly rhythmic, and deeply impactful Surahs. Named after the single Arabic letter Qaf that opens its first verse, this early Makkan chapter deals fundamentally with cosmic signs, the reality of human mortality, and the inevitability of the Day of Resurrection.
51. Surah Adh-Dhariyat (The Winnowing Winds) is the 51st chapter of the Qur'an, comprised of 60 verses. Like its predecessor (Surah Qaf), it belongs to the Al-Mufassal section and is an early Makkan chapter. The Surah derives its name from the very first word, Adh-Dhariyat, which refers to the powerful winds that scatter dust and seeds across the earth. Its central objective is to establish the absolute certainty of the Afterlife and the divine promise (Wa'd), utilizing oaths sworn by majestic natural phenomena.
52. Surah At-Tur (The Mount) is the 52nd chapter of the Qur'an, containing 49 verses. It is a Meccan Surah located in the final Al-Mufassal section of the Qur'an. Named after the sacred mountain referenced in its very first verse, the Surah uses cosmic and historical phenomena to validate the certainty of resurrection and to systematically dismantle the intellectual and psychological resistance of the Meccan polytheists.
53. Surah An-Najm (The Star) is the 53rd chapter of the Qur'an, containing 62 verses. It holds an extraordinary place in Islamic history as a masterpiece of divine eloquence that completely overwhelmed its first audience. Named after the cosmic phenomenon that opens its first verse, this early Meccan Surah deals intimately with the absolute authenticity of revelation, the details of the Prophet's heavenly journey, and a stern refutation of the core theological fabric of Arabian paganism.
54. Surah Al-Qamar (The Moon) is the 54th chapter of the Qur'an, containing 55 verses. It is a Meccan Surah known for its piercing, fast-paced rhythmic structure and its urgent warnings about the proximity of the Day of Judgment. The chapter takes its name from the extraordinary astronomical event referenced in its opening verse—the splitting of the moon—which stands as one of the most famous physical miracles attributed to the Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ).
55. Surah Ar-Rahman (The Most Merciful) is the 55th chapter of the Qur'an, containing 78 verses. Celebrated for its unique, dual-focused structural composition and its captivating rhythmic prose, it is famously referred to in prophetic traditions as Aroos al-Qur'an (The Bride of the Qur'an) due to its sheer stylistic beauty and artistic elegance. The Surah stands out uniquely because it addresses two entirely distinct sentient creations simultaneously: Mankind and the Jinn (Al-Thaqalayn), challenging both to acknowledge the mathematical precision, physical beauty, and spiritual gifts embedded throughout the cosmos.
56. Surah Al-Waqi'ah (The Inevitable Event) is the 56th chapter of the Qur'an, consisting of 96 verses. Positioned immediately after Surah Ar-Rahman, it shares a similar rhythmic prose and cinematic focus on the Afterlife. Named after its very first verse, the Surah provides a stark, uncompromising look at the ultimate sorting of humanity on the Day of Resurrection, forcing listeners to confront their final destination.
57. Surah Al-Hadid (The Iron) is the 57th chapter of the Qur'an, containing 29 verses. It marks a highly significant structural threshold in the Qur'an, serving as the very first of the Musabbihat—a consecutive group of chapters (Surahs 57 through 62) that all begin with the direct declaration of Allah's glorification ("Sab-baha lillahi..."). The Surah masterfully intertwines profound theological concepts of divine sovereignty with concrete, practical demands for financial and physical sacrifice to sustain a developing civilization.
58. Surah Al-Mujadila (Chapter 58 of the Qur'an), titled "The Pleading Woman" or "She Who Disputes," is a uniquely structured Medinan Surah consisting of 22 verses. It holds a distinct position in Islamic jurisprudence because its primary legal decree was triggered by a marginalized woman standing up for her domestic and socioeconomic rights.
59. Surah Al-Hashr (Chapter 59 of the Qur'an), translated as "The Banishment" or "The Gathering," is a 24-verse Medinan Surah. It serves as a profound historical and theological commentary on a pivotal geopolitical shift in early Islamic history: the siege and subsequent expulsion of the treacherous Jewish tribe of Banu Nadir from the outskirts of Medina.
60. Surah Al-Mumtahanah (The Chapter of She Who is to be Examined) is the 60th chapter of the Qur'an. It consists of 13 verses and is unanimously classified as a Madani Surah (revealed in Medina). The historical context of this Surah is heavily intertwined with early Islamic international relations, personal loyalty, and national security during a delicate "cold war" period in Islamic history.
61. Surah As-Saf (The Ranks) is the 61st chapter of the Qur'an. It is a Madani Surah consisting of 14 verses. Located in the 28th Juz', it belongs to a group of chapters known as the Musabbihat, which all begin with the declaration of the cosmic glorification and praise of God.
62. Surah Al-Jumu'ah (The Friday Congregation) is the 62nd chapter of the Qur'an. Comprising 11 verses, it is a Madani Surah located in the 28th Juz'. It is also classified among the Musabbihat chapters, as it opens with the cosmic declaration of God’s absolute perfection. While many associate this Surah strictly with the rulings of the Friday prayer, its historical framework deals fundamentally with community cohesion, a critique of unapplied knowledge, and navigating the tension between economic survival and spiritual priorities.
63. Surah Al-Munafiqun (The Hypocrites) is the 63rd chapter of the Qur'an. Comprising 11 verses, it is a Madani Surah located in the 28th Juz'. While other chapters of the Qur'an critique hypocrisy, this Surah serves as a definitive, concentrated psychological and political exposure of the internal saboteurs within the early Muslim state. It was revealed to unmask their leadership and protect the community from subversion.
64. Surah At-Taghabun (The Mutual Loss and Gain) is the 64th chapter of the Qur'an. Comprising 18 verses, it is classified as a Madani Surah located in the 28th Juz'. Like the chapters surrounding it (As-Saf, Al-Jumu'ah, Al-Munafiqun), it belongs to the Musabbihat group, opening with the cosmic declaration that everything in the heavens and earth glorifies God. While its opening verses mirror early Makkan themes regarding creation, divine omnipotence, and resurrection, its closing context is deeply rooted in the social and domestic friction experienced by early converts moving from Makkah to Madinah.
65. Surah At-Talaq (The Divorce) is the 65th chapter of the Qur'an. Comprising 12 verses, it is a Madani Surah located in the 28th Juz'. It is also frequently referred to in classical jurisprudence as Surah An-Nisa al-Sughra (The Shorter Surah on Women) to differentiate it from Surah An-Nisa (Chapter 4), which covers broader family laws. While the chapter deals with the painful breakdown of marital contracts, its background information reveals that its primary objective was to replace chaotic pre-Islamic customs with a structured, ethical, and deeply God-conscious legal framework that protected vulnerable parties—specifically women and infants.
66. Surah At-Tahrim (The Prohibition) is the 66th chapter of the Qur'an. Consisting of 12 verses, it is a Madani Surah located at the end of the 28th Juz'. It is the final chapter of the Musabbihat group, moving instantly from a deeply intimate, domestic crisis within the Prophet’s household to monumental, universal lessons on spiritual accountability, gender ethics, and sincere repentance.
67. Surah Al-Mulk (The Sovereignty / The Kingdom) is the 67th chapter of the Qur'an. Comprising 30 verses, it marks the exact beginning of the 29th Juz' (which is frequently referred to as Juz' Tabarak after the opening word of this chapter). It is an early Makkan Surah focused fundamentally on establishing the absolute majesty of God, the architectural perfection of the cosmos, the purpose of human existence, and the reality of accountability.
68. Surah Al-Qalam (The Pen) is the 68th chapter of the Qur'an. Comprising 52 verses, it is located in the 29th Juz' (Juz' Tabarak). It holds an incredibly significant place in Islamic history as the second Surah ever revealed to the Prophet Muhammad, succeeding only the initial opening verses of Surah Al-Alaq. It is an early Makkan Surah characterized by short, rhythmic, impactful verses designed to defend the psychological integrity of the Prophet, rebuke his elite detractors, and lay down the moral standards of divine mentorship.
69. Surah Al-Haqqah (الحاقة), the 69th chapter of the Qur'an, is a powerful, rhythmically intense Makkan Surah composed of 52 verses. Its title translates to "The Inevitable Reality", "The Sure Truth", or "The Inevitable Hour", which is one of the definitive names used in Islamic eschatology to describe the Day of Judgment.
70. Surah Al-Ma’arij (المعارج), the 70th chapter of the Qur'an, is a Makkan Surah composed of 44 verses. Its name translates to "The Ways of Ascent", "The Stairways", or "The Ascending Steps", referring to the structural pathways through which the angels and the Spirit ascend to the Divine Presence.
71. Surah Nuh (سورة نوح), the 71st chapter of the Qur'an, is a unique Makkan Surah composed of 28 verses. Named after the Prophet Nuh (Noah, AS), it is the first chapter in the Qur'an completely and exclusively dedicated to the da'wah (preaching) experience, struggles, and personal prayer of a single prophet.Unlike other Surahs where Noah's story is told from a third-person narrative historical lens, Surah Nuh is deeply intimate, structured largely as a first-person report and monologue by the Prophet Nuh to God.
72. Surah Al-Jinn (الجن), the 72nd chapter of the Qur'an, is a Makkan Surah consisting of 28 verses. Its name translates directly to "The Jinn" or "The Unseen Beings". The word Jinn stems from the Arabic root meaning "to hide" or "conceal," denoting a creation that is structurally hidden from human sight. This Surah is highly unique because it acts as a "third-party divine testimony"—providing a verbatim transcript of the speech, internal theology, and awe-struck realizations of a group of Jinn who heard the Qur'an recited for the very first time.
73. Surah Al-Muzzammil (المزّمّل), the 73rd chapter of the Qur'an, contains 20 verses. Its title translates to "The Enwrapped One", "The Cloaked One", or "The Wrapped-Up One". It is deeply significant in Islamic history as it outlines the structural, spiritual, and psychological "training program" designed to prepare the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ and his earliest companions for the immense weight of their mission.
74. Surah Al-Muddaththir (المدّثر), the 74th chapter of the Qur'an, contains 56 verses. Its title translates to "The Cloaked One", "The Enwrapped One", or "The One Wearing a Mantle". While Surah Al-Muzzammil (the preceding chapter) focused on the Prophet’s ﷺ private, internal spiritual preparation through night prayer, Surah Al-Muddaththir marks the historic shift to his public, external mission. It contains the definitive cosmic command: "Arise and warn!"
75. Surah Al-Qiyamah (القيامة), the 75th chapter of the Qur'an, is a deeply moving Makkan Surah consisting of 40 verses. Its title translates directly to "The Resurrection" or "The Standing [Before God]". Characterized by short, rapid, and rhyming verses, this chapter delivers an intense psychological and spiritual wake-up call to humanity regarding the inevitability of the afterlife. It moves seamlessly between grand cosmic destruction, the intimate psychological experience of death, and the precise preservation of the Qur'anic text itself.
76. Surah Al-Insan (الإنسان), the 76th chapter of the Qur'an, contains 31 verses. Its name translates directly to "The Human" or "Man". It is also widely known by another name derived from its opening verse: Surah Ad-Dahr (الدهر), meaning "Time" or "The Endless Span of Time". This Surah is renowned for its exceptional literary beauty, its fluid, poetic rhythm, and its breathtakingly detailed description of the psychological and physical rewards of Paradise. It serves as a comprehensive manual on human gratitude, charting the journey of mankind from non-existence to ultimate eternal bliss.
77. Surah Al-Mursalat (المرسلات), the 77th chapter of the Qur'an, is a powerful Makkan Surah consisting of 50 verses. Its title translates to "The Winds Sent Forth", "Those Sent Forth", or "The Emissaries". It is the final Surah of the 29th Juz (part) of the Qur'an and acts as a thunderous, rhythmic closing argument on the absolute certainty of the Day of Judgment. The Surah is famous for its intense, driving poetic rhythm and its chilling, ten-fold repetition of a single, haunting refrain: "Woe, that Day, to the deniers!"
78. Surah An-Naba (النبأ), the 78th chapter of the Qur'an, is a monumental Makkan Surah consisting of 40 verses. Its title translates to "The Great News", "The Important Announcement", or "The Tidings". This Surah holds an exceptionally prominent position in the study of the Qur'an as it marks the absolute beginning of the 30th Juz (part), which is universally referred to by Muslims as Juz 'Amma, derived directly from the Surah's very first word (‘Amma) (Quran.com). It serves as a majestic gateway to the final section of the Qur'an, setting a powerful tone of cosmic authority, divine design, and ultimate accountability.
79. Surah An-Nazi'at (النازعات), the 79th chapter of the Qur'an, is a powerful Makkan Surah composed of 46 verses. Its name translates to "Those Who Pull Out", "The Snatchers", or "The Soul-Extractors", referring to the mighty angels assigned the catastrophic task of tearing the souls of the deceased from their physical bodies at the moment of death. Following immediately after Surah An-Naba, this chapter deepens the eschatological discourse of Juz 'Amma by shifting the focus from structural planetary proofs to cosmic administration, historical warnings, and the psychological shockwaves of the Last Hour.
80. Surah ‘Abasa (عبس), the 80th chapter of the Qur'an, is a profound Makkan Surah composed of 42 verses. Its title translates directly to "He Frowned", derived from the very first word of the chapter. This Surah occupies an exceptionally unique and highly celebrated place in Islamic ethics, pedagogy, and theology. It features a direct, divine loving correction of the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ, establishing a core objective truth of Islam: that in the eyes of God, a sincere heart seeking spiritual growth—no matter how poor, disabled, or marginalized—takes absolute precedence over the wealthy, powerful, and politically influential elite.
81. Surah At-Takwir (التكوير), the 81st chapter of the Qur'an, is a highly dramatic and visually arresting Makkan Surah composed of 29 verses. Its title translates to "The Folding Up", "The Wrapping", or "The Shrouding", referring to the cosmic rolling up of the sun's immense light at the end of time. Renowned for its cinematic pacing, the Surah uses a rapid, thunderous cadence of hypothetical clauses ("When the sun is rolled up... when the stars fall...") to paint a terrifying picture of universal deconstruction, before shifting to validate the celestial authority of the Qur'anic revelation.
82. Surah Al-Infitar (الانفطار), the 82nd chapter of the Qur'an, is a deeply moving Makkan Surah consisting of 19 verses. Its title translates directly to "The Cleaving Asunder", "The Shattering", or "The Bursting Open", describing the physical tearing apart of the celestial fabric of the universe at the dawn of the Last Hour. As part of a trio of early apocalyptic Surahs, Al-Infitar functions as a direct thematic twin to the preceding chapter, Surah At-Takwir. While At-Takwir focuses on the physical rolling up and dimming of creation, Al-Infitar depicts its violent fracturing, transitioning into a profound emotional appeal to the human conscience regarding the recording of daily deeds.
83. Surah Al-Mutaffifin (المطففين), the 83rd chapter of the Qur'an, contains 36 verses. Its title translates directly to "The Defrauders", "The Cheats", or "Those Who Give Short Measure". This Surah holds a unique transitional status in the Qur'an. It is highly celebrated for connecting spiritual corruption directly to economic malpractice, detailing how small acts of financial dishonesty erode human empathy and lead to a total hardening of the spiritual heart.
84. Surah Al-Inshiqaq (الانشقاق), the 84th chapter of the Qur'an, is a visually vivid Makkan Surah composed of 25 verses. Its title translates directly to "The Sundering", "The Splitting Open", or "The Bursting Asunder", referring to the catastrophic physical tearing apart of the heavens at the arrival of the Last Hour. As the third and final installment in the trilogy of consecutive early apocalyptic Surahs (following At-Takwir and Al-Infitar), Surah Al-Inshiqaq provides a unique perspective on cosmic collapse. It frames the dismantling of the universe not as a chaotic rebellion of nature, but as an act of absolute, serene obedience to its Creator, before transitioning into a profound look at human accountability and the stages of life.
85. Surah Al-Buruj (البروج), the 85th chapter of the Qur'an, is a powerful Makkan Surah composed of 22 verses. Its title translates directly to "The Constellations", "The Great Stars", or "The Cosmic Fortresses". Revealed during a period of crisis, this Surah acts as a divine intervention to console a heavily persecuted community. It is universally recognized for containing one of the most gripping historical narratives in Islamic literature—the tragedy of the "People of the Ditch"—framing worldly defeat as an ultimate spiritual victory and delivering a severe warning to tyrants across time.
86. Surah At-Tariq (الطارق), the 86th chapter of the Qur'an, is a rhythmic and meteorically striking Makkan Surah composed of 17 verses. Its title translates directly to "The Nightcomer", "The Piercing Star", or "The Knocker". Linguistically, the word Ṭāriq stems from the Arabic root meaning "to strike" or "to knock," historically used to describe a traveler who arrives at a doorstep late at night, requiring a knock to enter. In the context of this Surah, it refers to a brilliant celestial body that pierces through the pitch-black darkness of the night sky.
87. Surah Al-A’la (الأعلى), the 87th chapter of the Qur'an, is a deeply comforting Makkan Surah composed of 19 verses. Its title translates directly to "The Most High", derived from the very first verse. This Surah holds a profoundly beloved status in Islamic practice. It connects cosmic glorification with the psychological reassurance of the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ, mapping out the journey of revelation, human memory, and the timeless continuity of monotheistic history.
88. Surah Al-Ghashiyah (الغاشية), the 88th chapter of the Qur'an, is a deeply evocative Makkan Surah composed of 26 verses. Its title translates directly to "The Overwhelming Event", "The Pall", or "The Shrouding Catastrophe", referring to the Day of Judgment because its immense terror will completely envelope, blind, and overwhelm human consciousness. As a structural and thematic twin to Surah Al-A'la, Al-Ghashiyah shifts from the comforting tone of divine memory retention to a sharp, vivid contrast between the eternal destinations of humanity. It then appeals to basic planetary observation to ground the logic of accountability.
89. Surah Al-Fajr (الفجر), the 89th chapter of the Qur'an, is a deeply evocative Makkan Surah composed of 30 verses. Its title translates directly to "The Dawn" or "The Daybreak", derived from its very first verse. This Surah is highly celebrated for its immense literary power, its sharp historical warnings, and its psychological critique of materialism. It concludes with one of the most comforting, beautiful passages in the entire Qur'an—an intimate divine invitation addressed directly to the tranquil, faithful soul.
90. Surah Al-Balad (البلد), the 90th chapter of the Qur'an, is a powerful Makkan Surah composed of 20 verses. Its title translates directly to "The City" or "The Land", referring specifically to the sacred precinct of Makkah. This Surah is highly celebrated for its sharp sociological critique and its psychological definition of human life. It introduces a foundational philosophy in Islamic ethics: that true human greatness is not achieved through the accumulation or boastful display of wealth, but through scaling the "steep uphill road" of self-sacrifice—namely, freeing slaves, feeding the starved, and systemic poverty alleviation.
91. Surah Ash-Shams (الشمس), the 91st chapter of the Qur'an, is a remarkably poetic and rhetorically brilliant Makkan Surah composed of 15 verses. Its title translates directly to "The Sun", derived from its very first word. This Surah is universally celebrated in Arabic literature for its unique structural design: it features the longest consecutive sequence of cosmic oaths in the entire Qur'an (eleven distinct oaths), which are masterfully compressed to deliver a singular, profound psychological verdict on the nature of the human soul.
92. Surah Al-Layl (الليل), the 92nd chapter of the Qur'an, is a rhythmic and deeply analytical Makkan Surah composed of 21 verses. Its title translates directly to "The Night", derived from its very first word. This Surah is highly celebrated for its flawless structural symmetry. It stands as a profound theological text on the diversity of human behavior, explicitly mapping out how contrasting lifestyle choices lead to entirely different spiritual outcomes and eternal destinations.
93. Surah Ad-Duha (الضحى), the 93rd chapter of the Qur'an, is an incredibly tender and emotionally profound Makkan Surah consisting of 11 verses. Its title translates directly to "The Morning Brightness", "The Forenoon", or "The Morning Light", referencing the warm, gentle sunshine that breaks after a long, dark night. This Surah holds an exceptionally revered space in Islamic pastoral care and psychology. It serves as a direct, intimate divine intervention designed to rescue the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ from a severe bout of emotional grief, mental exhaustion, and perceived isolation, providing a timeless blueprint for navigating spiritual darkness and depression.
94. Surah Ash-Sharh (الشرح), also famously known as Surah Al-Inshirah (الانشراح), is the 94th chapter of the Qur'an. Composed of 8 verses, this Makkan Surah serves as a direct, seamless structural and emotional continuation of the preceding chapter, Surah Ad-Duha. Its title translates directly to "The Expansion" or "The Solace", referring to the divine opening and relief of the human chest. This Surah is highly revered in Islamic spirituality and modern mental health advocacy as a foundational text for emotional healing, stress management, and building psychological resilience during seasons of crushing hardship.
95. Surah At-Tin (التين), the 95th chapter of the Qur'an, is a highly concise, structurally brilliant Makkan Surah composed of 8 verses. Its title translates directly to "The Fig", derived from the very first verse. This Surah is universally celebrated for its deep philosophical and theological arguments. It uses four sacred geographic locations to swear an oath regarding the flawless evolutionary and spiritual design of the human being, before delivering a stark warning on how human choices can degrade a person to the lowest levels of existence.
96. Surah Al-Alaq (العلق), the 96th chapter of the Qur'an, contains 19 verses. Its title translates directly to "The Clot", "The Congealed Blood", or "The Hanging Clinging Thing", derived from the biological description of the early human embryo in verse 2. This Surah holds an immortal, monumental status in Islamic civilization: its first five verses constitute the absolute dawn of Islamic revelation, marking the exact cosmic moment when the heavens broke centuries of silence and connected with the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ inside the Cave of Hira.
Proceed to Tafsir Ibn Kathir - Surah Al-Alaq
97. Surah Al-Qadr (القدر), the 97th chapter of the Qur'an, is a highly focused and rhythmic Makkan Surah composed of 5 verses. Its title translates directly to "The Power", "The Decree", "The Glory", or "The Absolute Destiny". This Surah holds an esteemed, sacred position in Islamic practice and theology. It is entirely dedicated to celebrating Laylat al-Qadr—the single holiest night in the Islamic calendar—the specific night when the Qur'an was lowered from the highest celestial realms to begin its earthly transmission.
98. Surah Al-Bayyinah (البينة), the 98th chapter of the Qur'an, is a structurally dense and intellectually piercing Surah composed of 8 verses. Its title translates directly to "The Clear Proof", "The Evidence", or "The Manifest Sign", derived from the terminal word of its very first verse. This Surah holds an essential place in Islamic theology for clarifying the exact epistemological purpose of the Prophet Muhammad’s ﷺ mission. It provides a sharp historical and psychological analysis of why previous religious communities fractured, and mathematically divides humanity into two definitive moral ranks.
99. Surah Al-Zalzalah (الزلزلة), the 99th chapter of the Qur'an, is a compact, rhythmically intense Surah consisting of 8 verses. Its title translates directly to "The Earthquake" or "The Convulsion", derived from the cataclysmic event described in its opening line. This Surah is renowned for its terrifyingly vivid cinematic imagery and its introduction of a flawless, subatomic scale of moral accountability. It serves to completely reorient the human understanding of physical matter, transforming the very earth we walk on from a silent, passive theater of life into an active, speaking witness in the divine courtroom.
100. Surah Al-’Adiyat (العاديات), the 100th chapter of the Qur'an, is an incredibly cinematic, fast-paced Makkan Surah composed of 11 verses. Its title translates directly to "The Chargers", "The Galloping Coursers", or "The Warhorses", derived from the vivid military metaphor that opens the text. This Surah is highly celebrated in Arabic classical literature for its intense acoustic rhythm and sensory power. It uses the psychology of a loyal, battle-tested warhorse to expose the tragic irony of human ingratitude and financial hoarding, concluding with a dramatic courtroom unearthing of secret human intentions.
101. Surah Al-Qari'ah (القارعة), the 101st chapter of the Qur'an, is a brief, rhythmically explosive Makkan Surah composed of 11 verses. Its title translates directly to "The Striking Calamity", "The Clatterer", or "The Sudden Terror", referring to the Day of Judgment because its deafening acoustic blast will physically strike, shatter, and completely reorder the cosmic layout. This Surah is highly celebrated for its cinematic psychological imagery and its introduction of the cosmic scales of justice. It strips away all artificial human titles to judge human existence on a single, binary metric: the spiritual weight of one's deeds.
102. Surah At-Takathur (التكاثر), the 102nd chapter of the Qur'an, is a remarkably fierce, rhythmically piercing Makkan Surah composed of 8 verses. Its title translates directly to "The Accumulation", "Competition in Increase", or "Greed for More", derived from its very first word. This Surah is revered as one of the most powerful psychological critiques of consumerism, materialism, and unbridled capitalism in religious literature. It directly exposes the core human tragedy: how a collective obsession with accumulating wealth, status, and numbers distracts societies from their true purpose until they are abruptly swallowed by the grave.
103. Surah Al-’Asr (العصر), the 103rd chapter of the Qur'an, is a monumental Makkan Surah composed of just 3 short verses. Its title translates directly to "The Time", "The Declining Day", or "The Epoch", derived from its very first word. Despite its extreme brevity—standing as the second shortest chapter in the entire Qur'an—this Surah is universally recognized as the definitive, ultimate summary of the entire Islamic worldview, philosophy, and success criteria.
Proceed to Tafsir Ibn Kathir - Surah Al-Asr, Humazah, Al-Fil
104. Surah Al-Humazah (الهمزة), the 104th chapter of the Qur'an, is an intensely descriptive and rhythmically powerful Makkan Surah consisting of 9 verses. Its title translates directly to "The Slanderer", "The Backbiter", or "The Scorner", derived from the scathing critique of character that opens the text. This Surah stands as a fierce psychological and ethical indictment of the upper-class capitalist elite of ancient Makkah. It dissects the destructive link between wealth accumulation, social arrogance, and targeted character assassination, concluding with an incredibly terrifying description of a specialized spiritual furnace designed to consume the human ego .
Proceed to Tafsir Ibn Kathir - Surah Al-Asr, Humazah, Al-Fil
105. Surah Al-Fil (الفيل), the 105th chapter of the Qur'an, is a highly dramatic, historically foundational Makkan Surah composed of 5 verses. Its title translates directly to "The Elephant", referencing the massive war animals deployed in a catastrophic military invasion targeting Makkah. This Surah holds an esteemed, legendary space in Islamic history. It documents a profound miracle of divine intervention that saved the Kaaba from absolute physical destruction, serving as an immutable psychological proof to the Quraysh that God is the ultimate protector of His sanctuary.
Proceed to Tafsir Ibn Kathir - Surah Al-Asr, Humazah, Al-Fil
106. Surah Quraysh (قريش), the 106th chapter of the Qur'an, is a highly elegant and rhythmically smooth Makkan Surah composed of 4 verses. Its title is derived directly from the premier ruling tribe of ancient Arabia, the Quraysh, who are explicitly named in its opening verse. This Surah is a masterclass in theological and socioeconomic analysis. It directly connects material privilege, national security, and economic prosperity with an absolute moral obligation to worship the Creator.
Proceed to Tafsir Ibn Kathir - Surah Quraysh, Al-Ma'un, Al-Kawthar
107. Surah Al-Ma’un (الماعون), the 107th chapter of the Qur'an, is an intensely diagnostic Makkan/Medinan Surah composed of 7 verses. Its title translates directly to "The Small Kindnesses", "The Neighborly Needs", or "Almsgiving", derived from the absolute final word of the text. This Surah is highly celebrated in Islamic liberation theology and social ethics. It presents a radical, paradigm-shifting argument: a person's religious orthodoxy is a complete delusion if it does not manifest as systemic compassion for the vulnerable and the daily sharing of basic household resources.
Proceed to Tafsir Ibn Kathir - Surah Quraysh, Al-Ma'un, Al-Kawthar
108. Surah Al-Kawthar (الكوثر), the 108th chapter of the Qur'an, is a deeply comforting and rhetorically unmatched Makkan Surah composed of just 3 verses. Its title translates directly to "The Abundance", "The Bountiful River", or "The Infinite Goodness", derived from the terminal word of its opening line. Standing as the absolute shortest chapter in the entire Qur'an (containing only 3 verses, 10 words, and 42 Arabic letters), Surah Al-Kawthar is celebrated in classical literature as an artistic and theological miracle. It descended as an immediate divine defense mechanism to heal the broken heart of the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ and to mathematically promise the eternal erasure of his enemies.
Proceed to Tafsir Ibn Kathir - Surah Quraysh, Al-Ma'un, Al-Kawthar
109. Surah Al-Kāfirūn (الكافرون), the 109th chapter of the Qur'an, is a fiercely uncompromising, rhetorically precise Makkan Surah composed of 6 verses. Its title translates directly to "The Disbelievers" or "Those who Deny the Truth", taken from its opening address. This Surah holds a foundational position in Islamic theology as the Manifesto of Absolute Monotheism. It serves as a definitive political and spiritual boundary line, systematically rejecting any form of religious syncretism, compromise, or ideological watering-down of truth in the face of political pressure.
Proceed to Tafsir Ibn Kathir - Surah Al-Kafirun, An-Nasr, Al-Masad
110. Surah An-Naṣr (النصر), the 110th chapter of the Qur'an, is a deeply profound, rhythmically majestic Surah consisting of just 3 verses. Its title translates directly to "The Victory", "The Divine Help", or "The Succour", derived from its very first word. Despite its brevity—standing as the third shortest chapter in the Qur'an—Surah An-Nasr carries immense historical, emotional, and theological weight. It serves as the official valedictory address of the Qur'an, signaling the flawless completion of the Prophet Muhammad’s ﷺ earthly mission, forecasting the mass conversion of Arabia, and establishing the ultimate psychological etiquette for experiencing massive worldly success.
Proceed to Tafsir Ibn Kathir - Surah Al-Kafirun, An-Nasr, Al-Masad
111. Surah Al-Masad (المسد), also classically known as Surah Al-Lahab, is the 111th chapter of the Qur'an. Composed of 5 short, punchy verses, its titles translate to "The Palm-Fiber Rope" or "The Flame", derived from the vivid descriptions of punishment within the text. This Makkan Surah is highly unique in Qur'anic literature. It stands as a sharp, uncompromising, and highly personalized indictment of a specific couple—the Prophet Muhammad’s ﷺ biological uncle, Abu Lahab, and his wife, Umm Jamil. The text serves as an immutable, timeless warning against the weaponization of familial privilege, wealth, and media propaganda to attack truth.
Proceed to Tafsir Ibn Kathir - Surah Al-Kafirun, An-Nasr, Al-Masad
112. Surah Al-Ikhlāṣ (الإخلاص), the 112th chapter of the Qur'an, is a monumental, rhythmically symmetrical Makkan Surah composed of only 4 verses. Its title translates directly to "The Sincerity", "The Purity", or "The Absolute Refining", though the word Ikhlāṣ does not explicitly appear anywhere within the text itself. This Surah is universally revered as the Definitive Manifesto of Monotheism in Islam. It functions as a complete chemical purification of theology, systematically isolating the identity of the Creator from all human imagination, cultural mythologies, anthropomorphism, and pagan philosophies.
113. Surah Al-Falaq (الفلق), the 113th chapter of the Qur'an, is an intensely protective and rhythmically piercing Makkan/Medinan Surah composed of 5 verses. Its title translates directly to "The Daybreak", "The Dawn", or "The Cleaving Asunder", derived from its very first verse. This Surah, alongside the subsequent Surah An-Nas, forms a celebrated pair of chapters known collectively in Islamic theology as Al-Mu'awwidhatayn (المعوذتين)—"The Twin Citadels of Refuge". It functions as a profound spiritual, psychological, and cosmic shield, explicitly designed to protect the human soul from the hidden, external perils of the physical universe, nocturnal threats, metaphysical envy, and the dark arts.
114. Surah An-Nās (الناس), the 114th and absolute final chapter of the Qur'an, is a deeply intimate, rhythmically gripping Surah composed of 6 verses. Its title translates directly to "Mankind" or "The People", a term that repeats symmetrically five times within its short framework. Alongside the preceding chapter (Surah Al-Falaq), Surah An-Nas forms the second half of the celebrated protection pair known as Al-Mu'awwidhatayn (المعوذتين)—"The Twin Citadels of Refuge". While Surah Al-Falaq shields the human being from external, physical, and environmental perils, Surah An-Nas addresses the far more dangerous, internal, and psychological vulnerabilities of the human mind, specifically targeting the spiritual anatomy of the whisperer.
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